Technically, getting more horsepower out of a diesel engine is not rocket science; give it more fuel and let it breathe better; but I am guessing that you already know that.
Was it worth the effort and cost to change from a 2 1/4" to 3" exhaust system? To be honest, I really don't know, but power was not my primary reason for doing the modification on my truck.
I needed to reroute the exhaust in order to have the layout of equipment I wanted between the chassis rails, so the OEM exhaust had to be replaced anyway. The cost differential between replacing the exhaust with 2 14" compared with 3" was minor. The only real addition to cost was the 3" exhaust brake itself, which I got for under $300 (new).
Did I have more power after simply replacing the exhaust? I expect so, but as I said, I did not do any before and after testing, so it is difficult to quantify that.
You also asked if the full flow muffler made the truck louder. I think a little bit, but it's not significantly louder. Again, I did no before and after readings, so I cannot give you any decibel comparison readings.