I'm not sure you fully understand the mechanics of the 4wd system. Let's clear a few basic things up:
I believe when you are referring to the factory locking differential, you are referring to the CENTER diff lock (4x4) button. This puts the vehicle in true 4wd. Locking the CENTER diff does not affect the rear or front diffs, they are still open / open. Locking the center diff equally splits the power to the front and rear drive shafts. Power will be transferred to the all 4 wheels, with a strong preference to the wheel with less traction on each axle. This is why you see one wheel spinning in low / loose traction situations, or the wheel that is in the air spinning in crossed up positions. Power is being directed through the diff (front or rear) to the wheel with the least resistance. Obviously this is not what we want when off road. (Side Note: A-trac mimics a Limited Slip Diff or locker by sensing wheel spin. By applying break pressure to the spinning wheel, it will push power to the wheel on the axle with weight = traction. Because of the way it works, it takes some time and wheel spin for the system to kick in. ) A FRONT or REAR locker, when engaged, will always put equal power to both wheels on the axle, regardless of weight distribution or traction. This is a huge help when one wheel is in the hanging in the air or on loose surfaces.
A front locker will not prevent damage to the front diff. It is more likely to cause damage, especially if you are not sure when and how to use it correctly.
If you actually have a factory rear locker, you will be fine. I've done quite a few trips to Death Valley and driven many of the trails there. I only used my rear locker a handful of times. Many times I could have done it without the locker, but with a little more work, but the locker is like an Easy Button. You will most likely be able to pass most trails in DV with 4lo and A-Trac.
Hope this helps.