Ouch on the bent bracket, but that probably wasn't causing your death wobble. It was most likely mud.
On our drive back from Moab in my P38 (800 miles) I couldn't go over 70 b/c I would get a huge shimmy in the steering wheel. The truck had a bit of mud, but nothing like your pics. Well, after getting home and washing her, she was ten times better. There was a bunch of caked on mud inside the wheels that was hard to see. Then a quick wheel balancing got everything back in order and she drives beautifully once again.
Glad to see you aren't wasting any time to get her dirty!