Gas vs. Diesel is an age old discussion, and can be very polarizing, especially by people who have never owned one (the majority)
Mileage advantage can be HUGE if driven correctly, just like a hybrid, if you drive it poorly you gain nothing. I used to have an '01 Cummins 6 speed Dually 4x, towing my 60 for a combined trailer weight of about 8k lbs, I would easily pull 19mpg going down 5 at 70mph. Do that with a gas motor. VW had diesels on the market in the early 80's getting 50mpg. Now they have 70mpg ones in the rest of the world. Not hybrids, just normal cars.
Power is a whole different issue. It may help to understand that horsepower is essentially a made up number. Calculated by measuring torque and the speed at which it is delivered. To over simplify, high torque low hp, will deliver tons of power but rev slow. Low torque with high HP can do the same amount of “work” but will do so at high rpm beating everything to death. This is why a Cummins has a service life of 400k miles, and a 350 is closer to 150k miles with half the “power”.
Emissions can be a hassle, but the technology is there. Once the EPA stops worrying about regs (won't happen) and ONLY worries about actual tail pipe emissions, the industry could make some serious headway.
A properly driven diesel in a correctly geared vehicle (big issue with swaps and one of the “magic” things needed to make a diesel truly work) will out perform a gas engine in every way.
The newer gas engines like the Ecoboost, are great, but still cannot come close to the longevity and mileage under load that the diesels do.
Now throw in the fact that diesel is a truly renewable resource when looking at biodiesel of all sorts, it's a win win.
Still more expensive to buy, but worth it in the long run if you plan on keeping it and putting alot of miles on it.