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Last but not least, Redwell makes an Infrared Heater that also does double-duty as a kitchen chalkboard -- see http://www.redwellheating.com/home/our-products/chalkboard-heaters.html :


RedwellGB_RRP_2015_2016.jpg Redwell-Infrared-Blackboard-Heater-2.jpg



If such a heater is possible, then surely it can't be scalding hot? Otherwise, how could it function as a chalkboard? Wouldn't one wonder about the safety of the child in the photograph?

However, on its "Frequently Asked Questions" webpage, Redwell writes the following in response to the "scalding hot?" question -- see http://www.redwellgb.co.uk/faqs.html :


Do the panels not get really hot?

Surface temperature of a panel can vary from 65 degrees to 95 degrees. Although they can feel hot to touch they will not immediately burn, however they may burn through prolonged contact. Unlike traditional heaters infrared panels are mounted at a higher level making them a safer option.


This is more or less the same thing that Prestyl admits on its website: a 95 degree Celsiius upper limit. And indeed, it one looks at the "fine print" on the Redwell page for its Chalkboard product, the maximum possible surface temperature is listed as 90 degrees Celsius. Surely too hot to write on? And unsafe for a child?

A while back Redwell even produced Far-Infrared Heaters that did double-duty as "white boards". One can only imagine what might have happened to the marker-ink as it was heated up and cooked? Perhaps I am missing something, but 90 degrees Celsius does seem like too hot a temperature for a large, exposed surface in a motorhome, doesn't it? If I seem wrong about this, do let me know, and please post!



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13. Low-Temperature Far-Infrared Heating Applied in the TerraLiner: a "Hybrid" Solution?


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In short, a more user-friendly, low-temperature, True Far-Infrared heating film might be an ideal motorhome product, because it would completely eliminate any risk of scalding. Here the ideal temperature would probably be 49 degrees Celsius or below, or 120 degrees Fahrenheit. Because at that temperature one would need to leave one's hand against a heating surface for 8 minutes or more to receive a second-degree burn, and 10 minutes or more to receive a third-degree burn:


Untitled.jpg


Assuming things have been well-designed and there are no panels against which one might fall asleep, the "safety level" (against unwanted burns) should be high enough. See http://www.antiscald.com/prevention/general_info/table.php .

Now suppose in consultation with ILO it turns out that flexible-film, low-temperature, Far-Infrared Heating mats or panels are in fact possible. And suppose we cover the ceiling of the TerraLiner and perhaps also some of the upper bits of the side walls with the stuff. And suppose that, because this will be specifically low-temperature Far-Infrafred film, it does not keep the camper completely warm. Even still, there is no question that such Far-Infrared heating surfaces would completely alter the interior heating dynamic of the TerraLiner, for the better. They might then be combined with more conventional underfloor electric heating, as per Bliss Mobil – again, see http://www.blissmobil.com/en/products-en/20-foot-body-en/interior/279-floor-heating-2.html :



floorheating_edited.jpg



Once more, I am a “both/and” kind of guy, and I see no reason to think that the TerraLiner's heating system must use just one technology. The TerraLiner's driving cab, for instance, might also have a forced-air, Webasto “Air Trop”. But if Far-Infrared Heating could be successfully incorporated into the TerraLiner's design, I strongly suspect that it would have a profound effect on the "end user" experience of heat inside the vehicle. And if all of the above webpages and videos are to be believe, it might also yield substantial energy savings.


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One final question: I wonder if the 95 degree Celsius operating temperature advertised by Prestyl and Redwell is a constant and “peak-efficiency” operating temperature? Or whether Prestyl's and Redwell's panels could be calibrated with a thermostat such that they never get hotter than 50 degrees Celsius? At that temperature, would such Far-Infrared Heating panels still function effectively? How much efficiency would they lose? Would they still produce the amount and quality of desired Far-Infrared radiation? Would they still be able to “throw” that energy 20 feet, or about 3 m, as claimed in one of IR Heating's videos? Or would the “throw” distance of a temperature-limited panel be seriously compromised?

If anyone reading this has experience with such Far-Infrared panels, and would be able to answer even a few of the questions about Heating raised by the last dozen entries or so, please post!!!


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For good scientific/historical explanations of the "Theory of Infrared Radiation", and how Infrared Light/Heat was first discovered by William Herschel, see the following two videos:



[video=youtube;AxLbusfRwP8]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AxLbusfRwP8 [/video] [video=youtube;XPrVeks2OHI]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XPrVeks2OHI [/video]



I found them very interesting, because they show how William Herschel discovered the existence of something that he could not see with his own eyes. Also see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel , http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/p...am-herschel-and-discovery-infra-red-radiation , http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/outreach/Edu/Herschel/backyard.html , and http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/classroom_activities/herschel_bio.html .

For an excellent video series about Infrared Heaters (as opposed to Far-Infrared Heaters), see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvkF2seZECA , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjCUqpWmHEA , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zejkKX2bVkk , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-B5n9Ht5T5M , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3Q2qlUBekI , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypliMGc42hc , and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i917LJ_umH8 . This series provides a good survey of the wide variety of Infrared Heaters available, and their various uses. It also owns up to some important basics, for instance, that Infrared heaters (as opposed to Far-Infrared Heaters) are not suitable for use in sleeping and living areas.


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14. Please Post about Additional Innovative Heating Solutions!!


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Now recall that one of the central objectives of the TerraLiner is to become as “all-electric” as possible, which should also mean eliminating diesel heating.

There are long discussions of Heating on the ExPo threads titled “What is the BEST....High Altitude Solution for Heating?” at http://www.expeditionportal.com/for...s-the-BEST-High-Altitude-Solution-for-Heating , and “Camper Thermal Engineering for Extreme Cold & High-Altitude: Arctic Antarctica Tibet”, at http://www.expeditionportal.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-130958.html .

The upshot of those discussions was that diesel heating systems get awfully complicated when a vehicle ascends to altitudes above 10,000 feet. And that some kind of thin-film, radiant panel, purely electric heating solution for the entire TerraLiner would be preferred. If possible, it would be great to continue the discussion of such potential cabin heating solutions is the “Camper Thermal Engineering” thread, instead of this thread. This thread is already complicated enough as it is, debating everything from toilets to independent suspension, the size and number of segments in the front windshield, to hybrid drive trains……:sombrero:

However, with that said, if anyone reading this knows of additional or more appropriate thin-film heating or thin-film infrared products, please post!! Or if anyone knows of concrete examples of motorhome roof-heating to get rid of snow..... Or, if anyone knows of good, concrete examples of solar installations in cold climates that incorporate heating to "de-ice" the solar panels..... Or, if anyone knows of examples of motorhomes that have abandoned diesel heating, and have switched over to electric thin-film heating completely..... In all of these cases, please post!! Any and all of these topics are worth discussing at great length, if only because they are all kind of "frontier" topics.

For instance, although most UniCat, Actionmobil, and other kinds of "prestige" conversions have still been using diesel for heating, Blissmobil -- which clearly wants to position itself as a technology innovator -- has opted for fully electric underfloor heating -- see http://www.blissmobil.com/en/products-en/20-foot-body-en/interior/279-floor-heating-2.html :



floorheating_edited.jpg



Personally, I find this very interesting. egn is no doubt right, Blissmobil is still a very small and young company that has to prove itself -- see http://www.expeditionportal.com/forum/showthread.php?p=1860057#post1860057 . But I figure that if any company is likely to want to be truly innovative, it would be a young, upstart company like Blissmobil. And not an established company that is primarily focused on making a profit by sticking to a set way of doing things. I figure that people who have been thinking about expedition motorhomes for a while have been wondering whether a better alternative to diesel heating might exist. No doubt many of them have thought that all-electric heating powered by massive solar is the solution in the future. But as far as I know, Blissmobil is the only company that has "taken the plunge", and fully committed itself to underfloor electrical heating as the primary system.

So if anyone reading this knows of other manufacturers of "expedition" motorhomes that are also moving over to all-electric heating, please post!! And if possible, please post in detail, including information about the actual systems used.

I made the same request about 6 months ago in the "High Altitude Heating" thread:


Hi Neverenough,

Any product links and/or recommendations regarding "electric radiant film/panels"?? They'd be greatly appreciated.....


NeverEnough then replied as follows:



http://eastcoastradiantheat.com/rollnWarm.html


This is the product I used, but from a different distributor (http://www.warmup.com/us/electric-floor-heating-mats.phtml). I don't think WarmUp distributes the product anymore, which I believe is manufactured in Korea. There are a number of different "film" solutions available, as well as a number of thin "matts" that use wires instead of carbon film for resistance. It's important to do the math with electric radiant solutions and most have 10-15 watts/sqft. output. I have two "zones", each tied to a dedicated 20amp branch circuit (they're actually secondary loads via Automatic Load Shedding, ALS, circuits so demand loads, like the microwave, shut off the heat temporarily, which keeps the panel size down). In my case, each draws about 14 amps.

Another option, relatively new, are these, of which there are also several manufacturers and configurations. My next build will likely incorporate a mix of film and panels: http://ducoterra.com/radiant-panel-information/


These were superb leads.



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15. Warm Up: Specialized Roof De-Icing Competence


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For instance, "Warm Up" advertises itself as the "World's Best-Selling Electric Floor Brand" -- see http://www.warmup.com . Warm Up seems very geared towards the domestic and commercial real-estate market, and not the transportation market.

Furthermore, I am not certain whether any of Warm Up's products could be described as "Thin-Film Far-Infrared Panel" heating. Warm Up seems to specialized in underfloor electric heating and nothing but. But often on quite a grand scale, consulting with architects to install such systems in large hotels, for instance -- see http://www.warmup.com/about/ , http://www.warmup.com/blog/underfloor-heating-and-radiators-the-key-difference/ , http://www.warmup.com/blog/radiant-heating-for-the-whole-house-inside-and-out/ , http://www.warmup.com/floor-heating/underfloor-heating-for-your-house/ , http://www.warmup.com/case-studies/loftcube-germany/ , http://www.warmup.com/architects/ , http://www.warmup.com/architects/who-we-are-and-what-we-do/ , http://www.warmup.com/architects/design-service-and-engineering/ , http://www.warmup.com/case-studies/ , http://www.warmup.com/case-studies/mgm-grand-macau/ , and http://www.warmup.com/case-studies/the-peninsula-hotel-paris-france/ .

In that specific market niche, Warm Up offers the full range of products: heating mats more suited to bathroom installation, because they can handle moisture; mats that require dry installation; mats that can be placed underneath concrete and tile; ultra-thin "foil" heating mats; and lose heating wire as well -- see http://www.warmup.com/products/floor-heating/foil-heating-mats/ , http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PD...-and-turn-foil-installation-manual-102012.pdf , http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PDF-Installation-Manuals/US-cut-and-turn-foil-spec-sheet-1012.pdf , http://www.warmup.com/products/floor-heating/electric-floor-heating-mat/ , http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PD...ardwood-installation-with-loose-wire-0215.pdf , http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PDF-Installation-Manuals/NADWM-mat-installation-manual-EnFr.pdf , http://www.warmup.com/products/floor-heating/inslab-cable-system/ , http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PDF-Installation-Manuals/US-Warmup-In-Slab-15.pdf , http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PD...in-slab-heater-installation-manual-122012.pdf , http://www.warmup.com/products/floor-heating/under-tile-insulation-boards/ , http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PD...nsulation-Boards-Specification-Sheet-2015.pdf , http://www.warmup.com/products/floor-heating/insulated-underlayment/ , http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PDF-Installation-Manuals/Warmup-Insulated-Underlayment.pdf , http://www.warmup.com/floor-heating/bathroom/ , http://www.warmup.com/products/floor-heating/sticky-mat/ , http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PDF-Installation-Manuals/US-Warmup-StickyMat-0415.pdf , http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PDF-Installation-Manuals/US-StickyMat-FV.pdf , and http://www.warmup.com/electric-floor-heating-videos/ :



[video=youtube;edubzfuVYak]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edubzfuVYak [/video] [video=youtube;-g3ooH-odfw]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-g3ooH-odfw [/video] [video=youtube;1XKdke7vCZM]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XKdke7vCZM [/video]



bathroom-1.jpg bathroom-4.jpg bathroom-5.jpg
PaddedImage570316FFFFFF-electric-underfloor-heating-mat.jpg US-SM-Gallery.jpg US-SM-Roll-Flat-Gallery.jpg
PaddedImage570316FFFFFF-warmup-electric-underfloor-heating-system-inscreed-cable-563x316.jpg US-Cablecloseup-Gallery.jpg US-Loose-Wire-Gallery.jpg



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PaddedImage570316FFFFFF-electric-underfloor-heating-foil.jpg PaddedImage570316FFFFFF-InsulatedUnderlay-Gallery.jpg
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If it turns out that Far-Infared Heating can only go so far in the TerraLiner, and that under-floor electric heating will also be required, Warm Up might be a good place to turn. If only for a "second opinion", and "other technological options", in the course of consulting with a transportation specialist like ILO.

In short, unlike ILO, Warm Up does not sell overhead, ceiling-located heating systems, probably for the simple reason that Warm-UP's technology is not Far-Infrared. Warm Up is basically just selling underfloor Infarred heating mats and wires, and nothing else. Sure, Warm Up does sell de-fogging mirrors, but it certainly does not describe these as Far-Infrared heaters -- see http://www.warmup.com/products/more-products/mirror-defoggers/ and http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PDF-Installation-Manuals/US-Warmup-Mirror-Defoggers.pdf .

Even still, web-site leads always turn up surprises.

In the case of Warm Up, it has a number of webpages and products dedicated "outdoor heating," namely, the de-icing of roofs, gutters, and driveways -- see http://www.warmup.com/floor-heating/outdoor-heating/ , http://www.warmup.com/products/snow-and-ice-melting/roof-de-icing-systems/ , http://www.warmup.com/products/snow-and-ice-melting/freeze-protection-solutions/ , http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PD...r-de-icing-cable-installation-manual-2012.pdf , http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PDF-Installation-Manuals/Warmup-Roof-Gutter-sheet-2015.pdf , http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PD...t-Hanger-Kit-Installation-instructions-14.pdf , http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PD...Tee-Kit-installation-instructions-14-Copy.pdf , http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PD...End-Seal-Kit-Installation-instructions-14.pdf , http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PD...ing-manual-Installation-instructions-2012.pdf , http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PD...Self-regulating-Cable-Data-Sheet-0315-CSA.pdf , http://www.warmup.com/products/snow-and-ice-melting/snow-melting-mats-and-cables/ , and http://www.warmup.com/assets/USA/PD...-cables-and-mats-installation-manual-1212.pdf :



PaddedImage570316FFFFFF-outdoors-3.jpg PaddedImage570316FFFFFF-outdoors-4.jpg
PaddedImage570316FFFFFF-us-snow-melting-cable-asphalt-cutaway.jpg PaddedImage570316FFFFFF-us-snow-melting-cable-pavers-cutaway.jpg



Because of Warm-Up's deep and extensive knowledge of all the details involved in melting snow and ice on a roof, Warm Up might be an excellent company to consult on TerraLiner roof design. The question that began this rough dozen or so posts, was "How to keep the Blissmobil-type water-catchment basins on the TerraLiner's roof free of ice and snow?" And who better to advise on such matters than a company that specializes in selling products that de-ice roofs and driveways? Warm Up would seem to have more direct experience of this particular application requirement than any of the other companies discussed so far.


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16. Ducoterra


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The other lead that NeverEnough provided, to Ducoterra, was also interesting.

In this case, Ducoterra is a seller of Heating panels just like Prestyl, ILO, IR Heating, and Redwell -- see http://www.ducoterra.com , http://www.ducoterra.com/homeowners/ , http://www.ducoterra.com/architects/ , http://www.ducoterra.com/builders/ , http://www.ducoterra.com/energy-experts/ , http://www.ducoterra.com/standard-installation-comparison/ , http://www.ducoterra.com/pricing/ , http://www.ducoterra.com/news/hot-yoga-heating/ , http://www.ducoterra.com/news/solaray-featured-on-northwest-green-homes-tour/ , http://www.ducoterra.com/news/ducot...ically-enhanced-information-infrared-heating/ , http://www.ducoterra.com/ducoterra-news/ , and http://www.ducoterra.com/buy-solaray-heaters/ .

On its website Ducoterra provides the usual range of information about the benefits of its heating panels, but notably refers to its products as "Infrared", and not "Far-Infrared" panels -- see http://www.ducoterra.com/how-infrared-heating-works/ ,
http://www.ducoterra.com/case-studies/ , http://www.ducoterra.com/clean-comfortable-heating/ , http://www.ducoterra.com/sustainable-green-construction-eco-friendly/ , http://www.ducoterra.com/whats-it-mean-to-be-green/ ,http://www.ducoterra.com/energy-efficiency/ , http://www.ducoterra.com/are-radiant-heating-systems-more-efficient/ , http://www.ducoterra.com/inexpensive-heating/ , http://www.ducoterra.com/smartchoice/ , http://www.ducoterra.com/save-money-and-energy/ , http://www.ducoterra.com/simple-installation/ , http://www.ducoterra.com/reliable-20-year-warranty/ , and http://www.ducoterra.com/blog/ . This might be some cause for concern, especially given that Ducoterra's products are still referred to as "Infrared" in a blog-post that addresses the difference between "Fake Infrared" versus "True Infrared" -- see http://www.ducoterra.com/fake-infrared-heating/ . No-where on Ducoterra's website does it indicate that its panels only produce radiation in the safe and benign "Far-Infrared" zone, between 7,000 to 10,000 nm.

Like Prestyl, Ducoterra manufactures its panels in Washington state. But Ducoterra is a very young and small company in comparison to the others, established only in 2011 -- see http://www.ducoterra.com/company/about-ducoterra/ andhttp://www.ducoterra.com/news/ducoterra-joins-nw-ecobuilding-guild/ . So Ducoterra's products and illustrations of the same seem rather limited -- see http://www.ducoterra.com/panel-gallery/ . As such, Ducoterra can't really be placed in the same league as Prestyl, ILO, Redwell, or even IR Heating.

Furthermore, Ducoterra advertises itself as the low-cost supplier. But as one learns on the Prestyl website, low-cost usually means Carbon instead of Metal heating filaments, with all the dangers entailed. When it comes to Far-Infrared heating inside a motorhome, it would probably be best to go with the most reliable technology available, even if it costs double or triple as much as Carbon Panels made in China.


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Even still, I am profoundly grateful to NeverEnough for having provided these leads, because his recommendations then set me on the right track to conduct further research. In the course of that research I discovered manufacturers and/or distributors like Prestyl, ILO, IR Heating, Redwell, and most recently Minco. At least now I have a preliminary "grip" on the electrical-heating marketplace. And at least I understand the fundamental difference between ceiling-mounted or wall-mounted Far-Infrared panel heating, versus floor-based electrical heating that still relies mostly on convection. Note that 6 months ago NeverEnough also seemed to think that some kind of mixed solution would be the way to go: a mix of underfloor electric heating + wall or ceiling-mounted Far-Inrfrared panels -- "My next build will likely incorporate a mix of film and panels."

Now granted, I raised the issue of “Thin Film Far Infrared Heating Panels” here, in the context of ruminations about how to get the Blissmobil roof-top water-collection system to work even in the wintertime, when it's cold and snowing. But the topic of "Heating" more generally is ongoing and important. If, after reading this, you feel moved to add some thoughts to the thread about additional innovative heating solutions and manufacturers, please post!!! :sombrero:



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17. Collecting Water on the Roof in July


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Well, that was at least an "initial stab" at thinking through the technological problem of collecting water on the roof in winter when it's snowing, which in the northern hemisphere runs October to March.

There is no question that as far as water is concerned, July looks much more positive on land for the entire planet, if only because so much more of the earth’s land surface is in the northern hemisphere. Almost all of the northern hemisphere enjoys temperatures of more than 10 degrees Celsius in July, with the sole exceptions of the northernmost regions of Canada, Siberia, and parts of Alaska, as well as the Tibetan Plateau:



averages-temperature-july-enlarge.gif.jpg



So in most places on earth north of the Tropic of Capricorn, in July there will either be summer rains (e.g. the monsoon in India and southeast Asia), or the AWGs will work, or both.

But again, deserts and semi-arid regions remain the problem. Summer is the dry season in California, in the more northerly parts of the American West, and in the semi-arid regions surrounding the Mediterranean, North Africa, and the Middle East. Three regions in particular will be dry more or less year-round:


(1) The Tibetan plateau. The Tibetan plateau has low humidity, low rainfall, and cool temperatures, even in July.

(2) The Altiplano in Peru and Bolivia. Again, cool temperatures, combined with low humidity and low rainfall, year round, with the exception of Lake Titicaca. As already remarked, on Lake Titicaca summer is wet and warm, while winter is dry and cold.

(3) The central Sahara and central Arabian desert, for most of the year, simply because there is neither rainfall nor humidity. The central regions of these deserts may not be scorching hot all year round, but they are almost always bone dry.


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18. Coastal Fog Deserts


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On the other hand, it would a mistake to think that there is an automatic equation that runs something to the effect “Desert = Low Humidity”.

The main reason why I began the series of posts on “Average Annual Relative Humidity Worldwide”, is to explore something that is not widely known, and that seems utterly counter-intuitive or paradoxical: some desert areas located directly on the ocean are very dry in terms of rainfall, but nonetheless they are positively dripping wet with humidity. See the series of posts beginning with #1452 on page 146 and following, at http://www.expeditionportal.com/for...edition-RV-w-Rigid-Torsion-Free-Frame/page146 . These are called "Coastal Fog Deserts" -- see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog_desert , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_desert , https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=g3CbqZtaF4oC&pg=PA224&lpg=PA224&dq=atacama+desert+fog+season&source=bl&ots=uYAufpnYSy&sig=cb-rPStJrGcFsyxlVmVjiyPjZhY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBDgKahUKEwj73KGCj43IAhUIcRQKHc9fDxE#v=onepage&q=atacama desert fog season&f=false , http://geography.wr.usgs.gov/fog/about.html , and http://education.nationalgeographic.co.uk/encyclopedia/desert/ .

These are deserts that often experience very little or even no rainfall, and that are some of the direst places on earth, like the Atacama desert in Chile/Peru. And yet humidity is high, and they can be damp with fog. The explanation is that the environmental conditions necessary for rain to form are not present, because the fog laden with moisture is always heating up, not cooling down. Notably, coastal fog in such deserts tends to be densest at night, and then “burns off” during the day. Ergo, a TerraLiner equipped with AWGs would most certainly want to be running them “on automatic” during the late evening, the night, and early morning.

I have not been able to find a book titled "Coast Fog Deserts", but in Dryland Climatology by Sharon E. Nicholson, already mentioned earlier, Chapter 20 from page 374 onwards is titled "Coastal Deserts" -- see http://www.amazon.co.uk/Dryland-Climatology-Sharon-E-Nicholson/dp/0521516498 , http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academi...tology-and-climate-change/dryland-climatology , and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/stor...11DFC430DE002D.f01t01?v=1&t=ieyc5i02&0ef3b328 . It's the most comprehensive treatment of the subject of "Coastal Fog Deserts" that I've yet come across.

For instance, although precipitation falls as one approaches the coastal “Namib” desert in Namibia, humidity actually rises:



Untitled-1.jpg namibie-precipitation-carte.jpg



Completely counter-intuitive, but a climatological fact. The coast of Nambia is very dry from the point of view of rainfall, but dripping wet with humidity and fog.

Although totally counter-intuitive, this is a climate phenomenon found in a number of locations worldwide. The southern Arabian peninsula, the Atlantic coast of Western Sahara and Mauritania, the Atacama desert in northern Chile, the Sechura desert in Peru, and the Baja California desert in Mexico: all of these are classified as “Coastal Fog Deserts” where an AWG would work extremely well:



modified.jpg DD_desert-of-the-world.jpg Untitled-1.jpg



These “Coastal Fog Deserts” all have very high humidity, even though simultaneously they have very low rainfall. In the first map above, only "Cool Coastal Deserts" were originally indicated in dark red, namely, the Namib and the Atacama. But the classification "Costal Fog Desert" is wider than that, because there are also "Subtropical Coastal Fog Deserts", too. I then modified the map accordingly, with all "Coastal Fog Deserts" indicated in bright purple. I circled the same areas using red in the third map, which also indicates the cold-water ocean currents responsible for the generation of fog.

One thing puzzles me a bit: I wonder whether the far-north-western coast of Australia, where a portion of central Australia's arid region directly meets the ocean, also experiences significant coastal fog? I wonder if this northwestern Australian coastline could also be classified as coastal fog desert,; or perhaps, as coastal fog semi-arid?

In none of the material that I've come across so far does it so classify. But it's a very remote area, and perhaps has not been studied as extensively as the Atacama, the Namib, or the Baja California coastal fog deserts? Although more than 85 % of Australians live within 50 km of the coast, this is one of the coastal areas in Australia where people are still very thin on the ground. The yellow-shaded area is home to just 2 % of Australia's population -- see http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature Article32004 :



where-2-percent-of-australia-lives.jpg



If anyone reading this is Australian, or has been to the part of Australia circled in purple above, and knows the answer, please post!!! The conditions for a "coastal fog desert" would seem to be ideal, with the cold-water Western Australian Current coming up from Antarctica, meeting the hot, dry air of Australia's north-west. Although I haven't come across any description of this area as "coastal fog desert", that doesn't mean that it's not one! Or that it's not at least a "coastal fog semi-arid" region, much like Big Sur in California.

Futhermore, the entire Northern Africa coast might be classified as “High Humidity Semi-Arid”. Although the coasts of northern Libya and Egypt are classified as having desert or near-desert climates in most places, and not Mediterranean, they still have very high humidity.

So one could drive from Rabat in Morocco, to Alexandria in Egypt, and even if it did not rain once the whole way, with an AWG on board one might never have to replenish water from an outside source. Even if the Bliss-Mobil type rooftop rainwater collection system were not working, simply because there is no rain, across the whole expanse of specifically coastal North Africa, one would probably encounter more than enough humidity to keep the AWG going just fine – yes, even in the early summer. Even in June. Here again are the north African and Middle Eastern humidity maps for June 9, 2015, demonstrating exactly this fundamental point:



nwafr3.jpg midea.jpg 640x480_currents_mide_humidity_i1.jpg



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biotect

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19. The Arabian Peninsula Coastal Fog Desert


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In the last map above, notice how even though Oman is considered a country with a water problem, because it has very low rainfall, Oman is positively dripping with humidity, even in June.

The Arabian Peninsula Coastal Fog Desert illustrates the difference between precipitation and humidity exceptionally well – see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_coastal_fog_desert , http://www.globalspecies.org/ecoregions/display/AT1302 , http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/150163/ , http://web.archive.org/web/20100308...wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at1302.html , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Oman , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Yemen , http://w.shabiba.com/news/31834/Article-Oman-weather-Heavy-fog-envelops-parts-of-Muttrah , http://www.timesofoman.com/news/31874/Article-Dense-fog-envelops-Muttrah-Corniche-area , http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/oman-plans-fog-harvesting-project-to-ease-water-shortage-1.644770 , http://greensource.construction.com/news/2010/100816oman_monsoon_fog.asp , https://omaneric.wordpress.com/2011/06/08/weekend-road-trip-to-salalah/ , and http://transworldexpedition.com/?tag=mukalla :



08d51ede4b1e33de7fa3bb4ac78df14b.jpg Untitled.jpg Untitled-1.jpg



The third image on the right is a map of average annual relative humidity, zoomed in on the Arabian peninsula, while the first is an image of the peninsula from space. The contrast between these two images could not be more dramatic. The immediate south-facing coast of the Arabian peninsula has an average annual relative humidity in the same region as Italy and Southern France. Indeed, it has an annual average relative humidity that is higher than most of Turkey. But its vegetation (or lack thereof) could not be more different. The map in the center shows the geographic extent of the Arabian Peninsula Coastal Fog Desert.

Here is a map of annual precipitation on the Arabian peninsula, i.e. rainfall:



1.jpg



For the most part Oman and Yemen get 150 mm per annum, and in certain small areas, 250 mm. By way of comparison, the wettest parts of Morocco, Algeria, and northern Tunisia along the coast and up in the mountains all receive more than 1,000 mm per annum.

So Oman and Yemen really do have desert climates, but desert climates of the incredibly humid kind. Here are some images taken by a world traveller, crossing the border between Yemen and Oman:



M_close_border2.jpg L_close_border.jpg N_camel_rain.jpg



Although technically speaking the Arabian Peninsula Coastal Fog Desert runs along the coast of Yemen and Oman only, and does not extend up to Dubai in the UAE, there seem to be enough press stories about the Emirates blanketed in fog, that perhaps they too should be considered part of the “Arabian Peninsula Coastal Fog Desert”? See http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/environment/heavy-fog-covers-dubai-1.212842 , http://aquarius.ae/cmlink/old-gulfnews/news/gulf/uae/environment/heavy-fog-covers-dubai-1.212842 , http://m.gulfnews.com/news/uae/environment/heavy-fog-covers-dubai-1.212842 , http://www.thenational.ae/uae/uae-weather-heavy-fog-covers-emirates-light-rain-expected , http://www.thenational.ae/uae/heavy-fog-causes-chaos-in-the-uae , and http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/weather/fog-envelops-many-parts-of-uae-1.1438016 .

See especially the collection of spectacular images of Dubai blanketed in fog, at http://www.emirates247.com/news/emi...s-uae-in-readers-pictures-2015-01-08-1.575824 . This is just a small sample:



d77f90d9-2454-4e87-b5ec-0d02cbfd0473_500.jpg fog81.jpg 20f924ac-d13e-4a34-9a66-5bb2a7c93ef7_500.jpg



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20. Atacama Fog Catchers


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Probably the most famous Coastal Fog Desert is the Atacama in southern Peru and northern Chile – see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacama_Desert , http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qrI5ph6BWiIC&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=coastal+fog+desert&source=bl&ots=3K2TzHb7A_&sig=94UUjVrT-xGPYwYqQWTGr-L_b44&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB8Q6AEwADgKahUKEwj_wrOFkI3IAhWDuxQKHW8oCQ8#v=onepage&q=coastal fog desert&f=false , and http://www.researchgate.net/publica...g_zone_in_Tarapac_Region_Atacama_Desert_Chile :



Tag_Day-1.3.jpg mp_full.3.jpg AtacamaDesert_BlueMarble_zoomed_large.jpg
Untitled-1.jpg F1.large.jpg F1.larg2e.jpg



This incidentally is also the desert through which part of the Dakar rally always runs, since it moved to South America in 2009 -- see http://www.dakar.com/2009/DAK/presentation/us/r3_5-le-parcours.html , http://www.dakar.com/2010/DAK/presentation/us/r3_5-le-parcours.html , http://www.dakar.com/dakar/2011/us/route.html , http://www.dakar.com/dakar/2012/us/route.html , http://www.dakar.com/dakar/2013/us/route.html ,http://www.dakar.com/dakar/2014/us/route.html , http://www.dakar.com/dakar/2015/us/route.html , http://www.dakar.com/dakar/2016/us/route.html , and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar_Rally :



parcours-carte.jpg parcours-carte2.jpg



These maps show the route in 2012 and 2013, when it included Lima, Peru.

The Atacama desert exists for pretty much the same reason that the Patagonian and Monte deserts exist: because of the Andes. Further south, the prevailing winds blow east, so the Andes create a rain-shadow that produces the Patagonian and Monte deserts. Whereas further north, the prevailing winds blow west, so the Andes create a rain shadow that produces deserts all the way from a bit north of Santiago in Chile, up to Ecuador:



d17720d11b57c395bfb3d84b74e1467b.jpg Argentina-desert.jpg



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