Exhaust systems - They perform many functions. Most importantly, an exhaust system should be tailored to the horsepower and torque curve of a specific engine. There is no "one size fits all". Secondly, there's the emissions controls related to controlling chemical components spewed out into the atmosphere. A good exhaust system will help ensure that all gasses are burned up before they leave the tailpipe. Lastly, the sound created by an exhuast system can evoke feelings in your soul. Whether they bring you back to your childhood, a day at the road races, or the sound of a farm tractor, or bring to the front more recent feelings, like the jealousy you experience when you see and hear and feel a 2019 Corvette ZR1 blow by you on it's way down the canyon, the sound from an exhaust pipe is as important to vehicle onwership as the color of the paint on the body. Probably more-so. Every vehicle enthusiast has some connection to the sound they hear from their exhaust.
From my lengthy preamble, hopefully you get the sense of the importance I put on this system.
When I built my first FJ60 equipped with a 5.3 LS, the first thought I had was that I wanted to stick to the original size and layout that the GM engineers designed for that engine. The logic being that I wanted to engine to run as originally intended. Let me make an important distinction here. I am not referring to the GM V8 of old small block V8 technology. LS V8 engines fall into what I refer to as modern technology, nothing like the original V8 as developed by Duntov back in 1955. Modern technology, as applied to the Vortec V8 starting in 1995 was a game changer for GM. In an era of overhead cams, tweo designers from GM worked in their spare time to keep the overhead valve, cam in block V8 alive. Here are a couple articles that discuss the development of the GM Vortec LS engine. Pretty interesting reading and sheds some light on the importance this engine had to GM.
https://www.hotrod.com/articles/development-of-the-ls1-engine-changed-everything/
https://www.drivingline.com/articles/evolution-of-the-ls-the-engine-that-changed-the-world/
Anyway... back to the FJ. Sticking to the keep-it-simple philosophy, the two banks of the engine are merged into a single three inch pipe, just as you would find on a Cadillac Escalade. To improve flow and power, even just a little bit, the muffler is sourced from a Chevrolet 3500 HD truck. A work truck. Combined with the three inch pipe, this muffler gives a mild throaty sound at cruising speed, but wakes up when you lay your foot into the pedal.
Of course this system has to fit inside the FJ60/62 frame, and that's where the problems lie. As a rule, you are not allowed to modify a CARB approved part and maintain compliance, but these parts, as supplied by GM, do not fit the FJ60/62 frame. The first time I encountered that problem, I admit to being a bit scared. What would I do if I couldn't get the vehicle to pass certification? Give the client his money back??? Having a working relationship with the BAR referee helped me develop the front half of the exhaust system to fit inside the frame and comply with regulations. It was a struggle, but one that paid off.
Time for some pics.
Measuring and cutting mandrel bends requires trigonometry, or experience. I rely on experience...
Welding the pieces together requires time with a TIG torch. That's all, just time.